Because misery loves company . . . I have what appears to be the same problem. The difference is that I uninstalled GOTY, and had Steam re-install. Thus, I am running with just the Bethesda DLC and FOSE. Like RevReese, both the patched Fallout 3 exe and FOSE run fine outside of MO. Windows 8.1 (x64). Steam version of GOTY (US). Mod Organizer 1.3.4. Note that Fallout3.exe also fails when launched from MO. I'm including FOSE data as that is what is required to have any joy at all with MO: fose.log
FOSE: initialize (version = 1.2.2 01070030)
fallout root = C:\ProgramData\SteamLibrary\SteamApps\common\Fallout 3 goty\
plugin directory = C:\ProgramData\SteamLibrary\SteamApps\common\Fallout 3 goty\Data\FOSE\Plugins\
patched
Application Event Log
Fallout3.exe
1.7.0.3
4a40f18b
Fallout3.exe
1.7.0.3
4a40f18b
c0000005
007eea75
162c
01d08a7636e858ad
C:\ProgramData\SteamLibrary\SteamApps\common\Fallout 3 goty\Fallout3.exe
C:\ProgramData\SteamLibrary\SteamApps\common\Fallout 3 goty\Fallout3.exe
74ead644-f669-11e4-beec-d43d7eb4837d
I'll try NV with MO, and see how that goes.